Replace vvfat SD with browser-built raw FAT32 from OPFS

Browser SD files are persisted in OPFS (web/sdstore.js) and edited in the
Files tab. At boot the browser builds a deterministic 64 MiB FAT32 image
(web/fat32.js) with nested directories and VFAT long names, then mounts
it as a raw block device, bypassing QEMU's broken populated-vvfat WASM
coroutine path. Guest writes mutate only the ephemeral image.

Exposes a hidden #frame-generation indicator that increments on every
e-ink flush, so automation can wait on real display updates instead of
fixed sleeps. Adds tests/ with a Makefile runner: 'make test' for JS +
FAT32/mtools checks, 'make browser-test' for a headless-Firefox boot of
the official CrossPoint 1.4.1 firmware that navigates to
Test/example.txt. Bumps third_party/qemu to the SPI-SD/CMD13 fixes and
updates README/ROADMAP/ISSUES for the new architecture.

ISSUES.md

@@ -1,28 +1,12 @@
 # Known Issues
 
-## SD reads can corrupt guest memory
+## Resolved: directory-backed SD reads corrupted WASM state
 
-Opening `/Test/example.txt` can panic consistently:
+Opening `/Test/example.txt` through QEMU `vvfat` could corrupt coroutine/guest state. The browser now builds a standards-compliant 64 MiB FAT32 image from OPFS and mounts it as a raw block device, bypassing the failing host-file mapping path. The official CrossPoint 1.4.1 firmware can traverse `Test/example.txt` without a WASM trap or guest panic.
 
-```text
+## Resolved: SD card remained in `receivingdata`
-Invalid read at addr 0x253D7474, size 4, region '(null)'
-Guru Meditation Error: Core 0 panic'ed (Load access fault)
-```
 
-The fault occurs in `spiTransferByteNL()` after the `SdSpiCard` SPI pointer at `0x3fc94b40` becomes `0x253D7474`, which resembles file data. The crash is deterministic with the directory-backed `vvfat` card. A raw FAT32 diagnostic image fails to mount, so it has not yet provided a clean backend comparison.
+`ssi-sd` consumed a write-data token while leaving response mode, then parsed payload bytes as commands. The adapter now enters token mode immediately after the final R1 byte. SPI CMD13 also uses the upstream-correct `sd_r1` internal response so status polling no longer loops on `Unexpected response to cmd 13`.
-
-The crash dump also shows `SdSpiCard::readData()` reaching its CRC reads while its destination pointer and end pointer differ. Keeping conditional translation blocks on TCI did not fix the corruption. The next diagnostic build keeps guest-store TBs on TCI and watches writes to `0x3fc94b40`–`0x3fc94b57`.
-
-## SD card can remain in `receivingdata`
-
-The SD model can become stuck after an incomplete `CMD24` write:
-
-```text
-SPI: CMD17 in a wrong state: receivingdata (spec v3.01)
-SPI: CMD24 in a wrong state: receivingdata (spec v3.01)
-```
-
-Subsequent reads and writes then fail. This may be related to the guest-memory corruption, but remains tracked separately until the first incomplete transfer is identified.
 
 ## Reader page can render completely black
 

Makefile

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ QEMU_WASM_SRC ?= third_party/qemu
 WASM_OUT ?= dist/wasm
 VARIANT ?= x3
 
-.PHONY: firmware sdimage qemu qemu-wasm web web-test run run-upstream chip clean
+.PHONY: firmware sdimage qemu qemu-wasm web web-test test browser-test run run-upstream chip clean
 
 firmware:
 	esptool --chip esp32c3 merge-bin -o flash.bin \
@@ -39,6 +39,12 @@ web: qemu-wasm
 web-test:
 	node scripts/test-web.mjs
 
+test:
+	$(MAKE) -C tests test
+
+browser-test:
+	$(MAKE) -C tests browser
+
 # Select X4 with `make run VARIANT=x4`. Add `-display none` for headless.
 run: qemu
 	@sd=sd.img; tmpdir=; \

README.md

@@ -60,12 +60,13 @@ map to the device's ADC button ladders and active-low Power GPIO. `make web`
 serves the required COOP/COEP headers for Emscripten pthreads; a generic static
 server without those headers will not work.
 
-Real firmware boots in WASM and drives the X3 panel (528×792). The browser SD
+Real firmware boots in WASM and drives the X3 panel (528×792). Browser SD files
-uses QEMU's directory-backed FAT provider: the guest sees a writable, ephemeral
+are persisted in OPFS and edited in the Files tab. At boot, the browser builds a
-32 GiB FAT32 card while memory use scales with actual files instead of logical
+64 MiB raw FAT32 image with nested-directory and VFAT long-name support; QEMU
-capacity. It starts with `Test/example.txt`; inspect it in the Files tab. The
+mounts that image directly, avoiding `vvfat`. Choose **Apply & reboot** to expose
-Debug tab reports committed WASM heap, visible MEMFS data, SD file bytes, and
+edits to the guest. Guest writes modify only the ephemeral image. The Debug tab
-browser JS heap where supported. X4 remains a white display stub.
+reports committed WASM heap, visible MEMFS data, and browser JS heap where
+supported. X4 remains a white display stub.
 
 ## Contents
 
@@ -81,8 +82,12 @@ browser JS heap where supported. X4 remains a white display stub.
 - `flake.nix` — the espressif-qemu *release* binary as the fast generic baseline
   (`nix run .#run-upstream -- flash.bin`), plus a devShell with QEMU's full build
   environment. `Makefile` — `qemu`, `firmware`, `sdimage`, `run`, `chip`.
-- `scripts/mksd.sh` — build the FAT32 SD backing image (local-disk impl of the
+- `web/fat32.js` and `web/sdstore.js` — dependency-free FAT32 image generation
-  SD block interface).
+  and persistent OPFS file storage.
+- `scripts/mksd.sh` — build a FAT32 SD backing image for native QEMU.
+- `tests/` — `make test` runs JS/FAT32 checks; `make browser-test` boots the
+  official CrossPoint 1.4.1 firmware and navigates to `Test/example.txt` in
+  headless Firefox.
 - `chip/eink-x3.chip.c` — the reverse-engineered X3 e-ink protocol, first written
   as a Wokwi chip and now the reference for the QEMU display device.
   `make -C chip test` runs its host self-check.

ROADMAP.md

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ reuses unchanged — no bespoke abstraction layer:
 | Peripheral | Native seam | Browser binding |
 |------------|-------------|---------------------------|
 | e-ink panel | X3 UC8253 (528×792) or blank X4 SSD1677 stub (480×800) → QEMU graphical console | `<canvas>` from the same display surface |
-| SD card | `ssi-sd` + `sd-card-spi` backed by QEMU block layer (`-drive if=sd`) | QEMU `vvfat` over a JS-created MEMFS directory; future persistence can use OPFS |
+| SD card | `ssi-sd` + `sd-card-spi` backed by QEMU block layer (`-drive if=sd`) | OPFS files → browser-built 64 MiB FAT32 image → raw MEMFS block device |
 | Buttons + battery | ADC QOM props `adci[1]`/`adci[2]`; GPIO QOM `input-level[3]` for Power | DOM buttons → `qom-set` equivalent |
 | Firmware image | flash via `-drive if=mtd` | uploaded `.bin` written to emulated flash |
 
@@ -85,9 +85,7 @@ reuses unchanged — no bespoke abstraction layer:
 
 ## Remaining phases
 
-1. **Browser SD editing/persistence** — add file controls and optionally OPFS;
+1. **Full X4 panel** — implement SSD1677 RAM/window/update commands when visible
-   the current 32 GiB logical card is writable and ephemeral.
-2. **Full X4 panel** — implement SSD1677 RAM/window/update commands when visible
    X4 rendering is needed; the selection, dimensions, wiring, and stub exist.
 
 ## Repo layout

scripts/test-web.mjs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { BUTTONS, DEFAULT_SD_FILES, EXAMPLE_SD_TEXT, formatBytes, setButton, mergeFirmware } from '../web/app.js';
+import { buildFat32Image, FAT32_IMAGE_SIZE } from '../web/fat32.js';
 
 // Merge - app image is placed at 0x10000 in a 0xFF-erased 16 MB flash with bootloader and partitions.
 const bootloader = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
@@ -19,6 +20,36 @@ assert.equal(EXAMPLE_SD_TEXT.split('Lorem ipsum').length - 1, 10);
 assert.equal(formatBytes(512), '512 B');
 assert.equal(formatBytes(64 * 1024 * 1024), '64.0 MiB');
 
+const fatPayload = new TextEncoder().encode('A'.repeat(700));
+const sdImage = buildFat32Image([
+  { path: 'Test/example.txt', bytes: fatPayload },
+  { path: 'Books/A long filename.txt', bytes: new TextEncoder().encode('book') },
+]);
+const sdView = new DataView(sdImage.buffer);
+assert.equal(sdImage.length, FAT32_IMAGE_SIZE);
+assert.equal(sdView.getUint16(11, true), 512);
+assert.equal(sdImage[13], 1);
+assert.equal(sdView.getUint32(32, true), FAT32_IMAGE_SIZE / 512);
+assert.equal(sdView.getUint32(44, true), 2);
+assert.deepEqual([...sdImage.slice(510, 512)], [0x55, 0xaa]);
+const fatSectors = sdView.getUint32(36, true);
+const fatOffset = 32 * 512;
+const dataOffset = (32 + 2 * fatSectors) * 512;
+const root = sdImage.subarray(dataOffset, dataOffset + 512);
+const testEntryOffset = Array.from({ length: 16 }, (_, i) => i * 32)
+  .find(offset => root[offset + 11] !== 0x0f && new TextDecoder().decode(root.subarray(offset, offset + 8)).trim() === 'TEST');
+assert.notEqual(testEntryOffset, undefined);
+const testCluster = new DataView(root.buffer, root.byteOffset + testEntryOffset, 32).getUint16(26, true);
+const testDirectory = sdImage.subarray(dataOffset + (testCluster - 2) * 512, dataOffset + (testCluster - 1) * 512);
+const fileOffset = Array.from({ length: 16 }, (_, i) => i * 32)
+  .find(offset => new TextDecoder().decode(testDirectory.subarray(offset, offset + 8)).trim() === 'EXAMPLE');
+const fileEntry = new DataView(testDirectory.buffer, testDirectory.byteOffset + fileOffset, 32);
+const fileCluster = fileEntry.getUint16(26, true);
+assert.equal(fileEntry.getUint32(28, true), fatPayload.length);
+assert.equal(sdView.getUint32(fatOffset + fileCluster * 4, true), fileCluster + 1);
+assert.equal(sdView.getUint32(fatOffset + (fileCluster + 1) * 4, true), 0x0fffffff);
+assert.deepEqual(sdImage.slice(dataOffset + (fileCluster - 2) * 512, dataOffset + (fileCluster - 2) * 512 + fatPayload.length), fatPayload);
+
 const calls = [];
 const module = {
   _xteink_wasm_set_adc: (...args) => calls.push(['adc', ...args]),

tests/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+.PHONY: test unit fat32 browser
+
+test: unit fat32
+
+unit:
+	cd .. && node scripts/test-web.mjs
+
+fat32:
+	node generate-fat32-fixture.mjs
+	mdir -i ../_scratch/test-fat32.img :: >/dev/null
+	mdir -i ../_scratch/test-fat32.img ::/Test >/dev/null
+	mdir -i ../_scratch/test-fat32.img ::/Books >/dev/null
+	test "$$(mtype -i ../_scratch/test-fat32.img ::/Test/example.txt)" = "hello from OPFS"
+	test "$$(mtype -i ../_scratch/test-fat32.img '::/Books/A long book filename.txt')" = "chapter one"
+
+browser:
+	./run-browser-raw-sd.sh

tests/browser_raw_sd.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import time
+from selenium import webdriver
+from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options
+from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+
+options = Options()
+options.add_argument('-headless')
+driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=options)
+driver.set_page_load_timeout(60)
+try:
+    driver.get('http://127.0.0.1:8180/web/?firmware=/_scratch/crosspoint-reader-1.4.1-release-firmware.bin&variant=x3')
+    confirm = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[data-button="confirm"]')
+    WebDriverWait(driver, 8 * 60).until(lambda _: confirm.get_attribute('disabled') is None)
+
+    indicator = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'frame-generation')
+
+    def generation():
+        return int(indicator.get_attribute('value') or '-1')
+
+    def wait_frame(previous, timeout=180):
+        WebDriverWait(driver, timeout).until(lambda _: generation() > previous)
+
+    def wait_stable(quiet=5, timeout=180):
+        deadline = time.time() + timeout
+        last = generation()
+        stable_since = time.time()
+        while time.time() < deadline:
+            time.sleep(0.25)
+            current = generation()
+            if current != last:
+                last = current
+                stable_since = time.time()
+            elif time.time() - stable_since >= quiet:
+                return current
+        raise RuntimeError('display did not settle')
+
+    power = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[data-button="power"]')
+    before = generation()
+    ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold(power).perform()
+    wait_frame(before)
+    ActionChains(driver).release(power).perform()
+    wait_stable()
+
+    def press(button):
+        driver.execute_script('arguments[0].scrollIntoView({block: "center"})', button)
+        before = wait_stable()
+        ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold(button).perform()
+        time.sleep(0.3)
+        ActionChains(driver).release(button).perform()
+        wait_frame(before)
+        wait_stable()
+
+    press(confirm)  # Browse Files
+    press(confirm)  # Test
+    press(confirm)  # example.txt
+    time.sleep(60)
+
+    status = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'status').text
+    log = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'log').text
+    (ROOT / '_scratch/browser-raw-sd.log').write_text(log)
+    driver.save_screenshot(str(ROOT / '_scratch/browser-raw-sd.png'))
+
+    bad = (
+        'RuntimeError', 'Guru Meditation', "panic'ed", 'Invalid SD card size',
+        'FS error', 'SPI:', 'SD:', 'Unexpected response to cmd',
+    )
+    matched = [marker for marker in bad if marker in log or marker in status]
+    if matched:
+        raise RuntimeError(f'emulator failure detected: {matched}')
+    print(f'browser raw-SD test passed at frame generation {generation()}')
+finally:
+    driver.quit()

tests/generate-fat32-fixture.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { mkdir, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { buildFat32Image } from '../web/fat32.js';
+
+const encoder = new TextEncoder();
+await mkdir('../_scratch', { recursive: true });
+await writeFile('../_scratch/test-fat32.img', buildFat32Image([
+  { path: 'Test/example.txt', bytes: encoder.encode('hello from OPFS\n') },
+  { path: 'Books/A long book filename.txt', bytes: encoder.encode('chapter one\n') },
+  { path: 'empty.bin', bytes: new Uint8Array() },
+]));

tests/run-browser-raw-sd.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)
+cd "$ROOT"
+mkdir -p _scratch
+
+FIRMWARE=_scratch/crosspoint-reader-1.4.1-release-firmware.bin
+EXPECTED=c3735b487378650f7fb4be5b286db1a9796768ff02bc8831dc4ba0a3771659a1
+if [[ ! -f $FIRMWARE ]] || [[ $(sha256sum "$FIRMWARE" | cut -d' ' -f1) != "$EXPECTED" ]]; then
+    curl -fL https://github.com/crosspoint-reader/crosspoint-reader/releases/download/1.4.1/firmware.bin -o "$FIRMWARE"
+fi
+
+python3 scripts/serve-web.py --host 127.0.0.1 --port 8180 >_scratch/browser-raw-sd-server.log 2>&1 &
+server=$!
+trap 'kill "$server" 2>/dev/null || true' EXIT
+sleep 2
+
+nix shell --impure --expr \
+    'with import <nixpkgs> {}; buildEnv { name = "xteink-selenium"; paths = [ (python313.withPackages (p: [p.selenium])) geckodriver firefox ]; }' \
+    -c python3 tests/browser_raw_sd.py

web/app.js

@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+import {
+  listSdFiles, readSdFile, writeSdFile, deleteSdFile, readAllSdFiles,
+  seedDefaultsIfEmpty, saveBootState, loadBootState,
+} from './sdstore.js';
+import { buildFat32Image } from './fat32.js';
+
 const FLASH_SIZE = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
 const BOOTLOADER_OFFSET = 0x0;
 const PARTITIONS_OFFSET = 0x8000;
@@ -42,16 +48,6 @@ const LOREM_IPSUM = 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Se
 export const EXAMPLE_SD_TEXT = Array(10).fill(LOREM_IPSUM).join('\n\n');
 export const DEFAULT_SD_FILES = new Map([['Test/example.txt', EXAMPLE_SD_TEXT]]);
 
-function mountEphemeralSdCard(fs) {
-  for (const [path, contents] of DEFAULT_SD_FILES) {
-    const parts = path.split('/');
-    const filename = parts.pop();
-    const directory = `/sdcard/${parts.join('/')}`;
-    fs.mkdirTree(directory);
-    fs.writeFile(`${directory}/${filename}`, contents);
-  }
-}
-
 // A full 16 MB image is used as-is; anything else is treated as a CrossPoint app image and merged with the bundled bootloader and partition table.
 async function prepareFirmware(bytes, assetRoot) {
   if (bytes.length === FLASH_SIZE) {
@@ -113,6 +109,9 @@ function startDisplayLoop(module, canvas, setStatus, onReady) {
     const nextGeneration = module._xteink_wasm_frame_generation();
     if (nextGeneration !== generation && drawFrame(module, canvas)) {
       generation = nextGeneration;
+      const indicator = document.querySelector('#frame-generation');
+      indicator.value = String(generation);
+      document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('xteink-frame', { detail: { generation } }));
       setStatus('Running.');
       if (!ready) {
         ready = true;
@@ -188,46 +187,46 @@ export function formatBytes(bytes) {
   return `${value.toFixed(value >= 10 ? 1 : 2)} ${units[unit]}`;
 }
 
-function sdEntries(module = activeModule) {
+const TEXT_EXTENSIONS = new Set(['txt', 'md', 'json', 'cfg', 'csv', 'log', 'html', 'xml', 'ini', 'yml', 'yaml']);
-  if (!module) {
+let selectedSdPath = null;
-    return [
-      { path: 'Test/', directory: true },
-      ...[...DEFAULT_SD_FILES].map(([path, contents]) => ({
-        path,
-        size: new TextEncoder().encode(contents).length,
-        read: () => contents,
-      })),
-    ];
-  }
 
-  const entries = [];
+function isTextPath(path) {
-  const visit = (directory, relative = '') => {
+  return TEXT_EXTENSIONS.has(path.split('.').pop().toLowerCase());
-    for (const name of module.FS.readdir(directory).filter(name => name !== '.' && name !== '..').sort()) {
-      const absolute = `${directory}/${name}`;
-      const path = relative ? `${relative}/${name}` : name;
-      const stat = module.FS.stat(absolute);
-      if (module.FS.isDir(stat.mode)) {
-        entries.push({ path: `${path}/`, directory: true });
-        visit(absolute, path);
-      } else {
-        entries.push({
-          path,
-          size: stat.size,
-          read: () => module.FS.readFile(absolute, { encoding: 'utf8' }),
-        });
-      }
-    }
-  };
-  visit('/sdcard');
-  return entries;
 }
 
-function renderFiles() {
+async function selectSdFile(path) {
+  selectedSdPath = path;
+  const editor = document.querySelector('#file-editor');
+  const save = document.querySelector('#file-save');
+  const del = document.querySelector('#file-delete');
+  del.hidden = false;
+  try {
+    const bytes = await readSdFile(path);
+    if (isTextPath(path)) {
+      editor.value = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+      editor.readOnly = false;
+      save.hidden = false;
+    } else {
+      editor.value = `(binary file — ${formatBytes(bytes.length)}; not editable here)`;
+      editor.readOnly = true;
+      save.hidden = true;
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    editor.value = `Could not read ${path}: ${error.message || error}`;
+    editor.readOnly = true;
+    save.hidden = true;
+  }
+  for (const button of document.querySelectorAll('#file-list button')) {
+    button.classList.toggle('selected', button.dataset.path === path);
+  }
+}
+
+async function renderFiles() {
   const list = document.querySelector('#file-list');
-  const preview = document.querySelector('#file-preview');
+  const editor = document.querySelector('#file-editor');
-  const entries = sdEntries();
+  const entries = await listSdFiles();
   list.replaceChildren();
-  let firstFile = null;
+  let firstPath = null;
 
   for (const entry of entries) {
     if (entry.directory) {
@@ -239,26 +238,27 @@ function renderFiles() {
     }
     const button = document.createElement('button');
     button.type = 'button';
+    button.dataset.path = entry.path;
     const path = document.createElement('span');
     path.textContent = entry.path;
     const size = document.createElement('small');
     size.textContent = formatBytes(entry.size);
     button.append(path, size);
-    button.addEventListener('click', () => {
+    button.addEventListener('click', () => selectSdFile(entry.path));
-      try {
-        preview.textContent = entry.read();
-      } catch (error) {
-        preview.textContent = `Could not read ${entry.path}: ${error.message || error}`;
-      }
-    });
     list.append(button);
-    firstFile ||= button;
+    firstPath ||= entry.path;
   }
 
-  if (firstFile) {
+  const stillPresent = entries.some(entry => entry.path === selectedSdPath);
-    firstFile.click();
+  const target = stillPresent ? selectedSdPath : firstPath;
+  if (target) {
+    await selectSdFile(target);
   } else {
-    preview.textContent = 'The SD card is empty.';
+    selectedSdPath = null;
+    editor.value = 'The SD card is empty.';
+    editor.readOnly = true;
+    document.querySelector('#file-save').hidden = true;
+    document.querySelector('#file-delete').hidden = true;
   }
 }
 
@@ -283,13 +283,12 @@ function renderDebug() {
   if (!activeModule) {
     return;
   }
-  const visible = ['/flash.bin', '/bios', '/sdcard', '/var/tmp']
+  const visible = ['/flash.bin', '/bios', '/sd.img', '/var/tmp']
     .map(path => pathBytes(activeModule.FS, path))
     .reduce((total, item) => ({ bytes: total.bytes + item.bytes, files: total.files + item.files }), { bytes: 0, files: 0 });
-  const sd = pathBytes(activeModule.FS, '/sdcard');
   document.querySelector('#debug-wasm-heap').textContent = formatBytes(activeModule.HEAPU8.byteLength);
   document.querySelector('#debug-memfs').textContent = `${formatBytes(visible.bytes)} in ${visible.files} files`;
-  document.querySelector('#debug-sd-files').textContent = `${formatBytes(sd.bytes)} in ${sd.files} files`;
+  document.querySelector('#debug-sd-files').textContent = '64.0 MiB raw image (OPFS source)';
 }
 
 function initializeInspector() {
@@ -307,11 +306,47 @@ function initializeInspector() {
       }
     });
   }
-  renderFiles();
+  wireFileControls();
+  seedDefaultsIfEmpty(DEFAULT_SD_FILES).then(renderFiles);
   renderDebug();
   setInterval(renderDebug, 1000);
 }
 
+function wireFileControls() {
+  document.querySelector('#file-add').addEventListener('change', async event => {
+    for (const file of event.target.files) {
+      await writeSdFile(file.name, new Uint8Array(await file.arrayBuffer()));
+    }
+    event.target.value = '';
+    await renderFiles();
+  });
+  document.querySelector('#file-new').addEventListener('click', async () => {
+    const name = prompt('New file path (e.g. Notes/todo.txt):');
+    if (!name) {
+      return;
+    }
+    await writeSdFile(name, '');
+    selectedSdPath = name;
+    await renderFiles();
+  });
+  document.querySelector('#file-save').addEventListener('click', async () => {
+    if (!selectedSdPath) {
+      return;
+    }
+    await writeSdFile(selectedSdPath, document.querySelector('#file-editor').value);
+    await renderFiles();
+  });
+  document.querySelector('#file-delete').addEventListener('click', async () => {
+    if (!selectedSdPath || !confirm(`Delete ${selectedSdPath}?`)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    await deleteSdFile(selectedSdPath);
+    selectedSdPath = null;
+    await renderFiles();
+  });
+  document.querySelector('#file-reboot').addEventListener('click', () => location.reload());
+}
+
 function logLine(message) {
   logBuffer.push(message);
   if (logBuffer.length > LOG_MAX_LINES) {
@@ -341,7 +376,11 @@ async function boot(file, variant, setStatus) {
     prepareFirmware(new Uint8Array(await file.arrayBuffer()), import.meta.url),
     fetchBin(new URL('esp32c3-rom.bin', artifactRoot)),
   ]);
-  const sdMessage = 'Using a 32 GiB ephemeral directory-backed SD card; writes will be discarded when the emulator restarts.';
+  await seedDefaultsIfEmpty(DEFAULT_SD_FILES);
+  const sdFiles = await readAllSdFiles();
+  setStatus(`Building SD card image from ${sdFiles.length} browser file(s)…`);
+  const sdImage = buildFat32Image(sdFiles);
+  const sdMessage = `Using a 64 MiB FAT32 image built from ${sdFiles.length} browser file(s); guest writes are discarded on reboot.`;
   console.log(sdMessage);
   logLine(sdMessage);
   const { default: createQemu } = await import(qemuUrl);
@@ -360,7 +399,7 @@ async function boot(file, variant, setStatus) {
       '-nic', 'none',
       '-d', qemuLogFlags,
       '-drive', 'file=/flash.bin,if=mtd,format=raw',
-      '-drive', 'file=fat:32:rw:/sdcard,if=sd,format=raw',
+      '-drive', 'file=/sd.img,if=sd,format=raw',
     ],
     locateFile: path => new URL(path, artifactRoot).href,
     mainScriptUrlOrBlob: qemuUrl.href,
@@ -373,7 +412,7 @@ async function boot(file, variant, setStatus) {
     options.FS.mkdirTree('/var/tmp');
     options.FS.writeFile('/bios/esp32c3-rom.bin', rom);
     options.FS.writeFile('/flash.bin', firmware);
-    mountEphemeralSdCard(options.FS);
+    options.FS.writeFile('/sd.img', sdImage);
   }];
 
   setStatus('Starting emulator…');
@@ -428,13 +467,14 @@ function initialize() {
     }
   };
 
-  form.addEventListener('submit', event => {
+  form.addEventListener('submit', async event => {
     event.preventDefault();
     const file = firmwareInput.files[0];
     if (!file) {
       setStatus('Choose a firmware image first.', true);
       return;
     }
+    await saveBootState(file, variantInput.value);
     start(file);
   });
 
@@ -447,7 +487,21 @@ function initialize() {
         }
         return response.blob();
       })
-      .then(blob => start(new File([blob], 'firmware.bin'), params.get('variant') || 'x3'))
+      .then(async blob => {
+        const variant = params.get('variant') || 'x3';
+        const firmware = new File([blob], 'firmware.bin');
+        await saveBootState(firmware, variant);
+        await start(firmware, variant);
+      })
+      .catch(error => setStatus(error.message || String(error), true));
+  } else {
+    loadBootState()
+      .then(saved => {
+        if (saved) {
+          variantInput.value = saved.variant;
+          start(saved.firmware, saved.variant);
+        }
+      })
       .catch(error => setStatus(error.message || String(error), true));
   }
 }

web/fat32.js

@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+export const FAT32_IMAGE_SIZE = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+const SECTOR_SIZE = 512;
+const RESERVED_SECTORS = 32;
+const FAT_COUNT = 2;
+const ROOT_CLUSTER = 2;
+const FAT_EOC = 0x0fffffff;
+
+function setAscii(bytes, offset, value, length) {
+  for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    bytes[offset + i] = i < value.length ? value.charCodeAt(i) : 0x20;
+  }
+}
+
+function fatGeometry(imageSize) {
+  const totalSectors = imageSize / SECTOR_SIZE;
+  let fatSectors = 1;
+  while (true) {
+    const clusters = totalSectors - RESERVED_SECTORS - FAT_COUNT * fatSectors;
+    const required = Math.ceil((clusters + 2) * 4 / SECTOR_SIZE);
+    if (required <= fatSectors) {
+      return { totalSectors, fatSectors, clusters };
+    }
+    fatSectors = required;
+  }
+}
+
+function makeNode(name, directory, parent = null) {
+  return { name, directory, parent, children: new Map(), bytes: null, shortName: null, firstCluster: 0, clusters: [] };
+}
+
+function normalizeFiles(files) {
+  const root = makeNode('', true);
+  for (const { path, bytes } of files) {
+    const parts = path.replaceAll('\\', '/').split('/').filter(Boolean);
+    if (!parts.length || parts.some(part => part === '.' || part === '..' || part.includes('\0'))) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid SD path: ${path}`);
+    }
+    let directory = root;
+    for (const part of parts.slice(0, -1)) {
+      const existing = directory.children.get(part);
+      if (existing && !existing.directory) {
+        throw new Error(`SD path conflicts with a file: ${path}`);
+      }
+      if (!existing) {
+        directory.children.set(part, makeNode(part, true, directory));
+      }
+      directory = directory.children.get(part);
+    }
+    const name = parts.at(-1);
+    if (directory.children.has(name)) {
+      throw new Error(`Duplicate SD path: ${path}`);
+    }
+    const file = makeNode(name, false, directory);
+    file.bytes = bytes instanceof Uint8Array ? bytes : new Uint8Array(bytes);
+    directory.children.set(name, file);
+  }
+  return root;
+}
+
+function sanitizeShortPart(value) {
+  return value.toUpperCase().replace(/[^A-Z0-9$%'-_@~`!(){}^#&]/g, '_');
+}
+
+function assignShortNames(directory) {
+  const used = new Set();
+  for (const child of directory.children.values()) {
+    const dot = child.directory ? -1 : child.name.lastIndexOf('.');
+    const rawBase = dot > 0 ? child.name.slice(0, dot) : child.name;
+    const rawExt = dot > 0 ? child.name.slice(dot + 1) : '';
+    const base = sanitizeShortPart(rawBase);
+    const ext = sanitizeShortPart(rawExt).slice(0, 3);
+    const direct = base.length >= 1 && base.length <= 8 && rawExt.length <= 3 && `${base}${ext ? `.${ext}` : ''}` === child.name.toUpperCase();
+    let short;
+    if (direct) {
+      short = `${base.padEnd(8)}${ext.padEnd(3)}`;
+    } else {
+      for (let n = 1; ; n++) {
+        const suffix = `~${n}`;
+        short = `${base.slice(0, 8 - suffix.length).padEnd(8 - suffix.length, '_')}${suffix}${ext.padEnd(3)}`;
+        if (!used.has(short)) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (used.has(short)) {
+      throw new Error(`Duplicate FAT short name for ${child.name}`);
+    }
+    used.add(short);
+    child.shortName = short;
+    if (child.directory) {
+      assignShortNames(child);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function lfnChecksum(shortName) {
+  let sum = 0;
+  for (const char of shortName) {
+    sum = ((sum & 1) << 7) + (sum >> 1) + char.charCodeAt(0);
+    sum &= 0xff;
+  }
+  return sum;
+}
+
+function lfnEntries(node) {
+  const shortDisplay = `${node.shortName.slice(0, 8).trimEnd()}${node.shortName.slice(8).trimEnd() ? `.${node.shortName.slice(8).trimEnd()}` : ''}`;
+  if (node.name === shortDisplay) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const units = Array.from(node.name).flatMap(char => {
+    const code = char.codePointAt(0);
+    return code <= 0xffff ? [code] : [0xd800 + ((code - 0x10000) >> 10), 0xdc00 + ((code - 0x10000) & 0x3ff)];
+  });
+  if (units.length > 255) {
+    throw new Error(`FAT filename is too long: ${node.name}`);
+  }
+  units.push(0);
+  while (units.length % 13) {
+    units.push(0xffff);
+  }
+  const count = units.length / 13;
+  const checksum = lfnChecksum(node.shortName);
+  const entries = [];
+  const positions = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30];
+  for (let sequence = count; sequence >= 1; sequence--) {
+    const entry = new Uint8Array(32).fill(0xff);
+    entry[0] = sequence | (sequence === count ? 0x40 : 0);
+    entry[11] = 0x0f;
+    entry[12] = 0;
+    entry[13] = checksum;
+    entry[26] = 0;
+    entry[27] = 0;
+    const chunk = units.slice((sequence - 1) * 13, sequence * 13);
+    const view = new DataView(entry.buffer);
+    positions.forEach((position, index) => view.setUint16(position, chunk[index], true));
+    entries.push(entry);
+  }
+  return entries;
+}
+
+function shortEntry(node) {
+  const entry = new Uint8Array(32);
+  setAscii(entry, 0, node.shortName, 11);
+  entry[11] = node.directory ? 0x10 : 0x20;
+  const view = new DataView(entry.buffer);
+  const fatDate = ((2024 - 1980) << 9) | (1 << 5) | 1;
+  view.setUint16(14, 0, true);
+  view.setUint16(16, fatDate, true);
+  view.setUint16(18, fatDate, true);
+  view.setUint16(22, 0, true);
+  view.setUint16(24, fatDate, true);
+  view.setUint16(20, node.firstCluster >>> 16, true);
+  view.setUint16(26, node.firstCluster & 0xffff, true);
+  view.setUint32(28, node.directory ? 0 : node.bytes.length, true);
+  return entry;
+}
+
+function directoryEntryCount(directory) {
+  let count = directory.parent ? 2 : 0;
+  for (const child of directory.children.values()) {
+    count += lfnEntries(child).length + 1;
+  }
+  return count + 1;
+}
+
+function allNodes(root) {
+  const nodes = [];
+  const visit = node => {
+    nodes.push(node);
+    for (const child of node.children.values()) {
+      visit(child);
+    }
+  };
+  visit(root);
+  return nodes;
+}
+
+function allocateClusters(root, availableClusters) {
+  let next = ROOT_CLUSTER;
+  const allocate = (node, count) => {
+    if (next + count - ROOT_CLUSTER > availableClusters) {
+      throw new Error('SD card contents exceed the 64 MiB image capacity.');
+    }
+    node.clusters = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => next + i);
+    node.firstCluster = count ? next : 0;
+    next += count;
+  };
+  for (const node of allNodes(root).filter(node => node.directory)) {
+    allocate(node, Math.max(1, Math.ceil(directoryEntryCount(node) * 32 / SECTOR_SIZE)));
+  }
+  for (const node of allNodes(root).filter(node => !node.directory)) {
+    allocate(node, Math.ceil(node.bytes.length / SECTOR_SIZE));
+  }
+  return next;
+}
+
+function writeBootSector(image, geometry) {
+  const boot = image.subarray(0, SECTOR_SIZE);
+  const view = new DataView(image.buffer);
+  boot.set([0xeb, 0x58, 0x90]);
+  setAscii(boot, 3, 'XTEINK  ', 8);
+  view.setUint16(11, SECTOR_SIZE, true);
+  boot[13] = 1;
+  view.setUint16(14, RESERVED_SECTORS, true);
+  boot[16] = FAT_COUNT;
+  view.setUint16(17, 0, true);
+  view.setUint16(19, 0, true);
+  boot[21] = 0xf8;
+  view.setUint16(22, 0, true);
+  view.setUint16(24, 63, true);
+  view.setUint16(26, 255, true);
+  view.setUint32(28, 0, true);
+  view.setUint32(32, geometry.totalSectors, true);
+  view.setUint32(36, geometry.fatSectors, true);
+  view.setUint16(40, 0, true);
+  view.setUint16(42, 0, true);
+  view.setUint32(44, ROOT_CLUSTER, true);
+  view.setUint16(48, 1, true);
+  view.setUint16(50, 6, true);
+  boot[64] = 0x80;
+  boot[66] = 0x29;
+  view.setUint32(67, 0x58544549, true);
+  setAscii(boot, 71, 'XTEINK', 11);
+  setAscii(boot, 82, 'FAT32', 8);
+  boot[510] = 0x55;
+  boot[511] = 0xaa;
+  image.set(boot, 6 * SECTOR_SIZE);
+
+  const fsInfo = new DataView(image.buffer, SECTOR_SIZE, SECTOR_SIZE);
+  fsInfo.setUint32(0, 0x41615252, true);
+  fsInfo.setUint32(484, 0x61417272, true);
+  fsInfo.setUint32(488, 0xffffffff, true);
+  fsInfo.setUint32(492, ROOT_CLUSTER + 1, true);
+  fsInfo.setUint32(508, 0xaa550000, true);
+  image.copyWithin(7 * SECTOR_SIZE, SECTOR_SIZE, 2 * SECTOR_SIZE);
+}
+
+function dotEntry(name, cluster) {
+  const entry = new Uint8Array(32);
+  setAscii(entry, 0, name, 11);
+  entry[11] = 0x10;
+  const view = new DataView(entry.buffer);
+  view.setUint16(20, cluster >>> 16, true);
+  view.setUint16(26, cluster & 0xffff, true);
+  return entry;
+}
+
+export function buildFat32Image(files, imageSize = FAT32_IMAGE_SIZE) {
+  if (imageSize < 64 * 1024 * 1024 || imageSize % SECTOR_SIZE || (imageSize & (imageSize - 1))) {
+    throw new Error('FAT32 SD image size must be a power of two and at least 64 MiB.');
+  }
+  const geometry = fatGeometry(imageSize);
+  const root = normalizeFiles(files);
+  assignShortNames(root);
+  const nextCluster = allocateClusters(root, geometry.clusters);
+  const image = new Uint8Array(imageSize);
+  writeBootSector(image, geometry);
+
+  const fatOffset = RESERVED_SECTORS * SECTOR_SIZE;
+  const fatView = new DataView(image.buffer, fatOffset, geometry.fatSectors * SECTOR_SIZE);
+  fatView.setUint32(0, 0x0ffffff8, true);
+  fatView.setUint32(4, FAT_EOC, true);
+  for (const node of allNodes(root)) {
+    node.clusters.forEach((cluster, index) => fatView.setUint32(cluster * 4, node.clusters[index + 1] ?? FAT_EOC, true));
+  }
+  image.copyWithin(fatOffset + geometry.fatSectors * SECTOR_SIZE, fatOffset, fatOffset + geometry.fatSectors * SECTOR_SIZE);
+
+  const dataOffset = (RESERVED_SECTORS + FAT_COUNT * geometry.fatSectors) * SECTOR_SIZE;
+  const clusterOffset = cluster => dataOffset + (cluster - ROOT_CLUSTER) * SECTOR_SIZE;
+  for (const directory of allNodes(root).filter(node => node.directory)) {
+    const entries = [];
+    if (directory.parent) {
+      entries.push(dotEntry('.          ', directory.firstCluster));
+      entries.push(dotEntry('..         ', directory.parent.parent ? directory.parent.firstCluster : ROOT_CLUSTER));
+    }
+    for (const child of directory.children.values()) {
+      entries.push(...lfnEntries(child), shortEntry(child));
+    }
+    entries.push(new Uint8Array(32));
+    const bytes = new Uint8Array(directory.clusters.length * SECTOR_SIZE);
+    entries.forEach((entry, index) => bytes.set(entry, index * 32));
+    directory.clusters.forEach((cluster, index) => image.set(bytes.subarray(index * SECTOR_SIZE, (index + 1) * SECTOR_SIZE), clusterOffset(cluster)));
+  }
+  for (const file of allNodes(root).filter(node => !node.directory)) {
+    file.clusters.forEach((cluster, index) => image.set(file.bytes.subarray(index * SECTOR_SIZE, (index + 1) * SECTOR_SIZE), clusterOffset(cluster)));
+  }
+
+  const freeClusters = geometry.clusters - (nextCluster - ROOT_CLUSTER);
+  new DataView(image.buffer).setUint32(SECTOR_SIZE + 488, freeClusters, true);
+  image.copyWithin(7 * SECTOR_SIZE, SECTOR_SIZE, 2 * SECTOR_SIZE);
+  return image;
+}

web/index.html

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
         <button type="button" class="btn-side btn-up" data-button="up" disabled aria-label="Up"></button>
         <div class="screen-shell">
           <canvas id="screen" width="528" height="792" aria-label="E-ink display"></canvas>
+          <output id="frame-generation" hidden aria-hidden="true">-1</output>
         </div>
         <button type="button" class="btn-side btn-down" data-button="down" disabled aria-label="Down"></button>
         <div class="btn-bottom">
@@ -65,8 +66,17 @@
       </div>
 
       <div id="panel-files" class="tab-panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-files" hidden>
+        <div class="file-toolbar">
+          <label class="file-button">Add files<input id="file-add" type="file" multiple hidden></label>
+          <button id="file-new" type="button" class="file-button">New text file</button>
+          <button id="file-reboot" type="button" class="file-button file-reboot">Apply &amp; reboot</button>
+        </div>
         <div id="file-list" class="file-list" aria-label="SD card files"></div>
-        <pre id="file-preview" class="file-preview">Select a file to view it.</pre>
+        <textarea id="file-editor" class="file-preview" spellcheck="false" readonly>Select a file to view it.</textarea>
+        <div class="file-actions">
+          <button id="file-save" type="button" class="file-button" hidden>Save</button>
+          <button id="file-delete" type="button" class="file-button" hidden>Delete</button>
+        </div>
       </div>
 
       <div id="panel-debug" class="tab-panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-debug" hidden>

web/sdstore.js

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// OPFS-backed SD card store — the source of truth for /sdcard contents.
+// It persists across page reloads, so "edit files, then reboot to apply" works
+// by reloading the page: edits survive in OPFS and are seeded into the guest's
+// MEMFS /sdcard on the next boot. Guest-side writes remain ephemeral.
+
+const SD_DIR = 'sdcard';
+const STATE_DIR = 'emulator';
+
+async function sdRoot() {
+  const root = await navigator.storage.getDirectory();
+  return root.getDirectoryHandle(SD_DIR, { create: true });
+}
+
+async function resolveParent(path, create) {
+  const parts = path.split('/').filter(Boolean);
+  const filename = parts.pop();
+  let dir = await sdRoot();
+  for (const part of parts) {
+    dir = await dir.getDirectoryHandle(part, { create });
+  }
+  return [dir, filename];
+}
+
+export async function listSdFiles() {
+  const entries = [];
+  const walk = async (dir, prefix) => {
+    for await (const [name, handle] of dir.entries()) {
+      const path = prefix ? `${prefix}/${name}` : name;
+      if (handle.kind === 'directory') {
+        entries.push({ path: `${path}/`, directory: true });
+        await walk(handle, path);
+      } else {
+        entries.push({ path, size: (await handle.getFile()).size });
+      }
+    }
+  };
+  await walk(await sdRoot(), '');
+  entries.sort((a, b) => a.path.localeCompare(b.path));
+  return entries;
+}
+
+export async function readSdFile(path) {
+  const [dir, name] = await resolveParent(path, false);
+  const handle = await dir.getFileHandle(name);
+  return new Uint8Array(await (await handle.getFile()).arrayBuffer());
+}
+
+export async function writeSdFile(path, data) {
+  const bytes = typeof data === 'string' ? new TextEncoder().encode(data) : data;
+  const [dir, name] = await resolveParent(path, true);
+  const handle = await dir.getFileHandle(name, { create: true });
+  const writable = await handle.createWritable();
+  await writable.write(bytes);
+  await writable.close();
+}
+
+export async function deleteSdFile(path) {
+  const [dir, name] = await resolveParent(path, false);
+  await dir.removeEntry(name, { recursive: true });
+}
+
+// Flatten to [{ path, bytes }] for seeding the guest's MEMFS /sdcard at boot.
+export async function readAllSdFiles() {
+  const out = [];
+  for (const entry of await listSdFiles()) {
+    if (!entry.directory) {
+      out.push({ path: entry.path, bytes: await readSdFile(entry.path) });
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export async function seedDefaultsIfEmpty(defaults) {
+  const entries = await listSdFiles();
+  if (entries.some(entry => !entry.directory)) {
+    return;
+  }
+  for (const [path, contents] of defaults) {
+    await writeSdFile(path, contents);
+  }
+}
+
+export async function saveBootState(firmware, variant) {
+  const root = await navigator.storage.getDirectory();
+  const state = await root.getDirectoryHandle(STATE_DIR, { create: true });
+  const firmwareHandle = await state.getFileHandle('firmware.bin', { create: true });
+  const firmwareWriter = await firmwareHandle.createWritable();
+  await firmwareWriter.write(firmware);
+  await firmwareWriter.close();
+  const settingsHandle = await state.getFileHandle('settings.json', { create: true });
+  const settingsWriter = await settingsHandle.createWritable();
+  await settingsWriter.write(JSON.stringify({ variant, name: firmware.name || 'firmware.bin' }));
+  await settingsWriter.close();
+}
+
+export async function loadBootState() {
+  try {
+    const root = await navigator.storage.getDirectory();
+    const state = await root.getDirectoryHandle(STATE_DIR);
+    const settings = JSON.parse(await (await state.getFileHandle('settings.json')).getFile().then(file => file.text()));
+    const firmware = await (await state.getFileHandle('firmware.bin')).getFile();
+    return { firmware: new File([firmware], settings.name || 'firmware.bin'), variant: settings.variant || 'x3' };
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (error.name === 'NotFoundError') {
+      return null;
+    }
+    throw error;
+  }
+}

web/styles.css

@@ -80,11 +80,17 @@ canvas { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; background: #fff; image-rend
 .log-header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: .5rem; font-size: .85rem; color: #625e55; }
 .log-header button { min-height: auto; padding: .25rem .75rem; font-size: .8rem; }
 .log { margin: 0; max-height: 38rem; overflow: auto; padding: .75rem 1rem; border-radius: .6rem; background: #1c1d1a; color: #d6d0c2; font: .78rem/1.4 ui-monospace, monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word; }
+.file-toolbar, .file-actions { display: flex; gap: .5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }
+.file-actions { margin: .75rem 0 0; }
+.file-button { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: .4rem .8rem; border-radius: .5rem; cursor: pointer; }
+.file-reboot { margin-left: auto; }
 .file-list { display: grid; gap: .4rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
 .file-directory { padding: .35rem .55rem; color: #625e55; font-weight: 700; }
 .file-list button { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 1rem; width: 100%; min-height: 2.4rem; text-align: left; }
+.file-list button.selected { outline: 2px solid #625e55; }
 .file-list small { color: #cbc5b9; font-weight: 400; }
 .file-preview { min-height: 12rem; max-height: 28rem; overflow: auto; margin: 0; padding: .75rem 1rem; border-radius: .6rem; background: #fff; white-space: pre-wrap; }
+textarea.file-preview { width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; resize: vertical; font-family: inherit; }
 .debug-stats { display: grid; gap: .65rem; margin: 0; }
 .debug-stats div { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 1rem; padding-bottom: .65rem; border-bottom: 1px solid #d8d2c7; }
 .debug-stats dt { font-weight: 700; }